数据可视化原理
Data Visualisation is not just about making good-looking and understandable charts by transforming data. Data visualisation requires the task of acquiring foundational knowledge also. Understanding why some techniques of data visualisation are better than others has some psychological roots as the human brain responds to different visual information. Gestalt Principles consists of several principles which describe this.
数据可视化不仅涉及通过转换数据制作美观且易于理解的图表。 数据可视化还需要获取基础知识的任务。 当人脑对不同的视觉信息做出React时，了解为什么某些数据可视化技术优于其他数据可视化具有一些心理根源。 格式塔原理由几个描述此原理的原理组成。
Gestalt means “unified whole” in English and generally linked with the idea that the whole is greater than its parts. It refers to the patterns that we human perceive when presented with a few graphical elements.
格式塔在英语中意为“统一的整体”，通常与整体大于其部分的观点相关。 它指的是当人们呈现一些图形元素时我们所感知的模式。
People especially, designers and data viz. creators understand the gestalt principles and develop the visuals based on these Gestalt Principles making them powerful and effective in communicating information.
人们尤其是设计师和数据。 创作者了解格式塔原理并根据这些格式塔原理开发视觉效果，从而使它们在传达信息时功能强大且有效。
There are 7 Gestalt Principles- Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Connection, Figure-Ground and Enclosure.
有7种格式塔原理-接近性，相似性，连续性，闭合性，连接性，图形接地性和封闭性。
Proximity is based on the way the objects are positioned with respect to each other as a user subconsciously move their eyes around based on the positions. When the objects are placed near to each other, the human brain assumes that they are in the same group because they are close to each other and apart from the other groups. This is the simplest way to link data which have to be seen together in a group by separating them with white spaces.
接近度基于当用户根据位置下意识地移动眼睛时，对象相对于彼此的放置方式。 当这些物体彼此靠近放置时，人脑会认为它们属于同一组，因为它们彼此靠近且彼此远离。 这是将必须在一组中看到的数据链接在一起的最简单方法，即用空格将它们分开。
In the dashboard, the visuals which are placed together encourages users to think that the visuals are in the same context.
在仪表板中，放置在一起的视觉效果鼓励用户认为视觉效果在同一上下文中。
The tendency of the human brain to group things according to the same colour, size, shape and orientation is also a part of Gestalt Principles. This principle refers to as Similarity.
人脑根据相同的颜色，大小，形状和方向对事物进行分组的趋势也是格式塔原理的一部分。 该原理称为相似性。
While creating a data viz if we keep the features of the objects same then it makes someone understand that those items represent a group. The principle of similarity can be applied to the object even when the objects reside at separate locations on a dashboard.
在创建数据视图时，如果我们保持对象的特征不变，那么它会使人们理解那些项目代表一个组。 即使对象位于仪表板上的单独位置，也可以将相似性原理应用于该对象。
Human eyes tend to add the missing parts of a familiar shape. When we catch sight of the ambiguous object that seems to be incomplete, irregular or an unusual form, we naturally perceive it as a whole or closed. This principle is referred to as closure.
人眼往往会增加熟悉形状的缺失部分。 当我们看到似乎是不完整，不规则或不寻常形式的模糊物体时，我们自然会感觉到它是一个整体或封闭的。 此原理称为关闭。
We can apply this principle in perceiving whole structures in dashboards, especially in the design of graphs. We can easily understand this by referring below example.
我们可以将这一原理应用于感知仪表板中的整个结构，尤其是在图形设计中。 通过参考下面的示例，我们可以很容易地理解这一点。
The principle of figure-ground works on the concept of how people can look at a picture differently. They can see the figure(foreground) or the ground(background) of the image stand out. This is based on visual perception. This principle examines how the eye can separate shapes in a picture from the background of that picture.
图形背景的原理基于人们如何以不同方式看待图片的概念。 他们可以看到图像的图形(前景)或背景(背景)突出。 这是基于视觉感知的。 该原理检查眼睛如何将图片中的形状与图片的背景分开。
The classical example of this is the image of Rubin Vase shown below also known as Rubin face or the Figure-Ground Vase.
这方面的经典示例是下面显示的鲁宾花瓶的图像，也称为鲁宾脸或人形地面花瓶。
The Enclosure is surrounding a group of objects by anything that forms a visual border around them such as a line, a box, or a common field of colour. It causes the objects to appear to be set apart in a region that is distinct from the rest objects.
外壳被一组对象围绕着，这些对象在其周围形成了可见的边界，例如线条，盒子或公共色域。 它导致对象看起来在与其余对象不同的区域中分开放置。
This principle can be easily exhibited in the dashboards by the use of borders and fill colours or shading in tables, etc. We should aware that it does not require a strong enclosure, a light enclosure can create a strong perception of grouping.
通过使用边框和填充颜色或表格中的阴影等，可以很容易地在仪表板中体现这一原理。我们应该意识到，它不需要坚固的外壳，而浅色的外壳可以产生强烈的分组感。
The principle of continuity is based on that if the eye begins to follow something, it will continue to travel in that direction until it encounters another thing. It is quite similar to the principle of closure but besides the visual connection of creating shape, we also attack visual direction as a part of continuation.
连续性的原理是，如果眼睛开始跟随某物，它将继续朝该方向行进，直到遇到另一件事为止。 它与闭合原理非常相似，但是除了创建形状的视觉连接之外，我们还攻击视觉方向作为延续的一部分。
In a dashboard, the objects that are aligned with one another appear to belong to the same group. We can infer the groupings without the need for vertical grid lines to delineate them, the distinct alignment itself makes it easy to distinguish easily.
在仪表板中，彼此对齐的对象似乎属于同一组。 我们可以推断出分组，而无需使用垂直网格线来描绘它们，独特的对齐方式本身使其易于区分。
The principle of Connection is one of the strongest Gestalt principles concerned with the grouping of objects. It is strongest because there is direct connectivity visually.
连接的原则是与对象分组有关的最坚固的格式塔原则之一。 它最强，因为在视觉上直接连接。
It refers to the fact that the objects that are connected by visual properties(maybe a line or something) are perceived as being more related than objects that are not connected. This principle is especially useful for connecting together the non-quantitative data, to represent the relationships.
它指的是这样一个事实，即通过视觉属性(可能是直线或某些东西)连接的对象比未连接的对象与对象的关联性更高。 该原则对于将非定量数据连接在一起以表示关系特别有用。
Gestalt Principles are very important to understand for good data visualisation. They set up the foundation of everything we create visually. These principles explain how humans perceive these visuals and their individual aspects not only this but these principles help us in having a better understanding of the relationships of these objects and shapes.
格式塔原理对于理解良好的数据可视化非常重要。 它们奠定了我们以视觉方式创建的所有内容的基础。 这些原理解释了人类如何看待这些视觉及其各个方面，不仅这些，而且这些原理还帮助我们更好地理解了这些物体和形状之间的关系。
As we have seen how powerful they are and when they are applied correctly and logically we can deliver right and intended information to the audience.
正如我们所看到的，它们有多么强大，以及何时正确，合理地应用它们，我们可以向受众传递正确和预期的信息。
翻译自: https://medium.com/vlearn-together/gestalt-principles-a-pragmatic-aspect-of-data-visualisation-7d437ee922
数据可视化原理
