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科技2023-11-30 89

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我对CKA和CKAD的看法+ 9月课程更新提示 (My Take towards CKA & CKAD + September Curriculum Update Tips)

Ibrahim Jelliti 易卜拉欣·耶利蒂 Follow 跟随 Sep 8 九月8

In August 2020, I had the opportunity to pass both Kubernetes exams Certified Kubernetes Administrator & Certified Kubernetes Application Developer.

2020 年 8月，我有机会通过了Kubernetes 认证考试和Kubernetes认证应用程序开发。

It was a hard decision because I learned about the change in the CKA curriculum starting from September (found here) and I am a few weeks away from the KubeCon Europe 20'. So I prepared for both curriculum but in the end, I preferred to attend the KubeCon holding my CKA or CKAD at least.

这是一个艰难的决定，因为我从9月开始就了解了CKA课程的变化(可以在此处找到)，并且距KubeCon Europe 20'还有几周的路程。因此，我为这两门课程做准备，但最后，我宁愿至少拿着我的CKA或CKAD参加KubeCon。

In my very first post in this blog and proudly after I successfully received both of them at the first attempt, I loved to share my experience and notes, what tips and hacks you must have to crack the Kubernetes exam.

在此博客的第一篇文章中，以及在我第一次尝试成功地将它们都接受之后，我感到很自豪，我很乐于分享我的经验和笔记，破解Kubernetes考试必须具备的技巧和技巧。

训练 (Training)

The two exams are 100% hands-on, I practiced a lot on kubectl and did kubernetes.io tasks for a period again and again. this must be your number #1 goal. The exam is almost copy-paste from the Kubernetes website, doing the tasks will help in exploring the docs and be familiar with the website also practice more on Kubernetes.

吨他两个考试都是100个％动手，我练上kubectl了很多，做了 kubernetes.io 一遍又一遍的任务期限。这必须是您的第一目标。该考试几乎是从Kubernetes网站复制粘贴的，执行任务将有助于探索文档，并且熟悉该网站还将在Kubernetes上进行更多练习。

有你的Kubernetes集群 (Have your Kubernetes Cluster)

I started with building my Kubernetes 1.8 cluster using kubeadm so it becomes my field to further practice, other tools that set up a Kubernetes cluster like microk8s, kind or minikube are also fine but remember in CKA, you must have practiced bootstrap a cluster using kubeadm however CKAD it’s will not have to. In my experience during CKA, I was given a clusterConfiguration kind yaml file and asked to bootstrap a cluster using the yaml file. other questions were to fix a notReady node, join a node to the cluster. So you have to be fast on kubeadm for such tasks.

我从使用kubeadm构建Kubernetes 1.8集群开始，因此它成为我进一步练习的领域，其他设置Kubernetes集群的工具(例如microk8s，kind或minikube)也可以，但是请记住，在CKA中，您必须已经使用kubeadm练习了引导集群但是，CKAD不必这样做。根据我在CKA期间的经验，我得到了clusterConfiguration类yaml文件，并被要求使用yaml文件来引导集群。其他问题是修复notReady节点，然后将节点加入群集。因此，您必须快速掌握kubeadm的任务。

These page in the Kubernetes website helped me a lot :

Kubernetes网站上的这些页面对我有很大帮助：

Creating a cluster with kubeadm

使用kubeadm创建集群

Customizing control plane configuration with kubeadm

使用Kubeadm自定义控制平面配置

The reference page for kubeadm document the tool command and its arguments

kubeadm的参考页记录了工具命令及其参数

集群实践 (Practice on the cluster)

After I set-ed up my cluster, I start to create deployments, expose services, provision volumes, attach config maps, and secrets to pod specs. All kinds of these tasks, you will be asked to do in the exam and more. what I highly recommend to do is to go through the Tasks section in the kubernetes.io website.

在设置好群集之后，我开始创建部署，公开服务，提供卷，将配置映射和机密添加到Pod规范。所有这些任务，都将要求您在考试中完成。我强烈建议您执行kubernetes.io网站上的“ 任务”部分。

Among all the sections, I pick up the most important parts that cover bother CKA and CKAD:

在所有部分中，我将介绍涵盖CKA和CKAD的最重要部分：

Install Tools

安装工具

Administer a Cluster

管理集群

Configure Pods and Containers

配置容器和容器

Manage Kubernetes Objects

管理Kubernetes对象

Inject Data Into Applications

将数据注入应用程序

Run Applications

运行应用程序

Run Jobs

运行工作

Access Applications in a Cluster

访问群集中的应用程序

Monitoring, Logging, and Debugging

监视，记录和调试

TLS

Manage Cluster Daemons

管理集群后台程序

Networking

联网

考试 (The Exam)

Both exams are hand-on tasks you have to complete over a specific amount of time. some tasks are difficult or took time to do, others are easy and straight forwards. Each question has a weight percentage and your final score is calculated on how much questions you completed depends on the question weight.

两项考试都是您必须在特定时间内完成的动手任务。有些任务比较困难或需要花费时间，而另一些则很简单明了。每个问题都有一个权重百分比，您的最终分数是根据您完成的问题数来计算的，具体取决于问题的权重。

All questions I got are almost the same as Kubernetes.io tasks, run pods, make deployment, inject data into pods, attach volumes, make secrets, debug node/cluster,…

我遇到的所有问题几乎都与Kubernetes.io任务相同，运行pod，进行部署，将数据注入pod，附加卷，创建机密，调试节点/集群，…。

Never write a yaml file by hand, rely heavily on the -dry-run=client with kubectl, copy the parts you need from the Kubernetes.io website

切勿手动编写yaml文件，在很大程度上依赖于-dry-run = client和kubectl，从Kubernetes.io网站复制所需的部分

You can have bookmarks in the browser to use during the Exam, I shared a useful HTML bookmark file in my GitHub HERE to fast access during the exam.

您可以在考试期间必须在浏览器中使用书签，我在GitHub上共享一个有用HTML书签文件的位置在考试过程中的快速访问。

In case you failed in the exam, don’t panic there will be a FREE retake.

万一你考试不及格，不要慌张，免费重考。

Both CKA and CKAD cost 300$, you can take advantage of discount coupon. During the KubeCon event I got 50% discount for CKAD, Black Friday is also near so take advantage whenever there is a discount

CKA和CKAD的价格均为300美元，您可以利用优惠券。在KubeCon活动中，我获得了CKAD的50％折扣，黑色星期五也临近，所以只要有折扣，就可以利用

The exam allows you to have ONE additional tab with documentation located on kubernetes.io and github.com/kubernetes during both exams. discussion subdomain and links points outside the Kubernetes docs are not allowed

考试允许您在两个考试期间在kubernetes.io和github.com/kubernetes上有一个附加标签，其中包含文档。不允许Kubernetes文档外部的讨论子域和链接点

You can take the CKA exam from any qualifying computer, anywhere you have internet, almost any time. The passing score of the exam for CKA is 74% and 66% for CKAD.

您几乎可以随时随地在任何有互联网的合格计算机上参加CKA考试。 CKA的考试及格率为CKAD的74％和66％。 You can flag a question if it will take time or it is complex, so you come back to it later. I highly recommend starting with the easy and quick questions to you so to complete as much as possible questions quickly. Questions have weights so they worth more in the final score.

您可以标记一个问题，是否需要花费时间或它很复杂，因此稍后再讨论。我强烈建议您从简单快速的问题开始，以便尽快完成尽可能多的问题。问题具有权重，因此它们在最终分数中更有价值。 Setting up aliases & Autocompletions would save a lot of or time.

设置别名和自动填充功能可以节省大量时间。

echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc alias k=kubectl complete -F __start_kubectl k

I highly recommend to setup vim to yaml editing

我强烈建议将Vim设置为Yaml编辑

vim ~./vimrc # append the following lines set nu set ic set expandtab set shiftwidth=2 set tabstop=2

考试期间 (During The Exam)

CKA (CKA)

During the 3 hours exam, there are six clusters that comprise the exam environment over 24 questions to switch between clusters, we can use: $ kubectl config use-context <cluster>. The command will be provided at the beginning of each question, ensure that you are copying and pasting on the terminal before you start answering any question

在3小时的考试中，有六个群集组成考试环境，涉及超过24个问题，可以在各个群集之间进行切换，我们可以使用：$ kubectl config use-context <cluster>。该命令将在每个问题的开头提供，请确保您在开始回答任何问题之前在终端上进行复制和粘贴 Roughly if you get 18 to 19 questions right, you would pass the exam

大约如果您正确回答18到19个问题，就可以通过考试 most of the questions are with kubectl and yaml editing and few others with kubeadm to debug and install Kubernetes control plane components. while you will not be asked to bootstrap a cluster from scratch, I find Kubernetes the hard way useful to attack the cluster debugging and maintenance.

大多数问题与kubectl和yaml编辑有关，而其他几个问题与kubeadm有关调试和安装Kubernetes控制平面组件的问题。虽然不会要求您从头开始引导群集，但我发现Kubernetes是一种有效的攻击群集调试和维护的方法。

Any question will take you more than 8 minutes, FLAG the question and PASS to the next one

任何问题，将带你超过8分钟，FLAG的问题，并传递到下一个

凯达 (CKAD)

you have 2 hours to complete the 19 questions, there are just four clusters that comprise the exam environment to switch between clusters.

您有2个小时的时间来完成19个问题，只有四个群集组成考试环境，可以在群集之间进行切换。 All of the questions are with kubectl and yaml editing

所有问题都与kubectl和yaml编辑有关 my training on CKAD was the same as CKA, just more practice to be fast on kubectl.

我在CKAD上的培训与CKA相同，只是需要更多练习才能快速掌握kubectl。 I practiced more on structural Kubernetes patterns: init containers, side-car, adapter, and ambassador, this is important!

我对Kubernetes的结构化模式进行了更多的实践：初始化容器，小车，适配器和大使，这很重要！

9月的课程大纲更新 (September syllabus Update)

The exam will be 2 hours instead of 3 hours long

考试时间为2小时，而不是3小时

Number of questions changed from 24 to 15 to 20 performance-based questions

基于性能的问题数量从24个减少到15个到20个

The Passing score changed from 74% to 66%

及格分数从74％变为66％

The new syllabus change becomes like the following :

新的课程大纲更改如下： The preparation tips I shared above for CKA still valid for the new Syllabus.

我上面为CKA分享的准备技巧对新课程大纲仍然有效。 The preparation tips I shared above for CKA still valid for the new Syllabus.

我上面为CKA分享的准备技巧对新课程大纲仍然有效。

Cluster Maintenance(11%) + Installation, Configuration & Validation(12%) = Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration(25%)

群集维护(11％) + 安装，配置和验证(12％) = 群集体系结构，安装和配置(25％)

Manage role-based access control (RBAC) Using RBAC Authorization

使用RBAC授权管理基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)

Use Kubeadm to install a basic cluster create cluster using kubeadm

使用Kubeadm安装基本集群并使用kubeadm创建集群

Manage a highly-available Kubernetes cluster highly available cluster

管理高可用性Kubernetes集群高可用性集群

Provision underlying infrastructure to deploy a Kubernetes cluster

设置基础架构以部署Kubernetes集群

Perform a version upgrade on a Kubernetes cluster using Kubeadm Upgrading kubeadm clusters

使用Kubeadm在Kubernetes集群上执行版本升级升级kubeadm集群

Implement etcd backup and restore ETCD backup and restore

实现etcd备份和还原ETCD备份和还原

Networking(11%) + Core Concepts(19%) = Services & Networking(20%)

网络(11％)+核心概念(19％)=服务和网络(20％)

Understand host networking configuration on the cluster nodes Nodes, Node communication

了解群集节点上的主机网络配置节点，节点通信

Understand connectivity between Pods Pod to Pod Communication

了解Pod Pod与Pod之间的连通性

Understand ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints Services

了解ClusterIP，NodePort，LoadBalancer服务类型和终结点服务

Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources Ingress controller, Ingress resource

知道如何使用Ingress控制器和Ingress资源Ingress控制器， Ingress资源

Know how to configure and use CoreDNS CoreDNS

知道如何配置和使用CoreDNS CoreDNS

Choose an appropriate container network interface plugin network plugins

选择合适的容器网络接口插件网络插件

Logging/Monitoring(5%) + Troubleshooting 10% = Troubleshooting(30%)

记录/监视(5％) + 故障排除10％=故障排除(30％)

the exam will test your ability to troubleshoot different components in the cluster, list of pages below covers how to tackle the section:

考试将测试您对群集中不同组件进行故障排除的能力，以下页面列表介绍了如何解决此部分：

Troubleshoot application failure: Troubleshooting application, debug Pod failure, debug Init containers

解决应用程序故障：解决应用程序故障，调试Pod故障，调试Init容器

Troubleshoot cluster component failure: Troubleshoot clusters, troubleshoot kubeadm

对群集组件故障进行故障排除：对群集进行故障排除，对kubeadm进行故障排除

Troubleshoot networking: debug DNS resolution, debug service

排除网络故障：调试DNS解析，调试服务

Scheduling(5%) + Application Lifecycle Management(8%) = Workloads & Scheduling(15%)

计划(5％)+应用程序生命周期管理(8％)=工作量和计划(15％)

this new section includes topics such as Pods, DaemonSets, Deployments, Schedulers, ConfigMap, Secrets

这个新部分包括诸如Pod，DaemonSet，Deployment，Scheduler，ConfigMap，Secrets之类的主题。

Understand deployments and how to perform rolling update and rollbacks Perform a Rollback on a DaemonSet

了解部署以及如何执行滚动更新和回滚对DaemonSet执行回滚

Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap, Distribute Credentials Securely Using Secrets

使用ConfigMap和Secrets配置应用程序配置Pod以使用ConfigMap ，使用Secrets安全地分发凭据

Know how to scale applications Scaling your application, Scale a StatefulSet

知道如何扩展应用程序扩展应用程序，扩展 StatefulSet

Understand the primitives used to create robust, self-healing Deploy an App

了解用于创建强大的自我修复功能的原语部署应用程序

Understand how resource limits can affect Pod scheduling Assign CPU Resources to Containers and Pods, Assign Memory Resources to Containers and Pods

了解资源限制如何影响Pod调度将CPU资源分配给容器和 Pod，将内存资源分配给容器和 Pod

Awareness of manifest management and common templating tools

清单管理意识和通用模板工具

Storage(7%) = Storage(10%)

存储(7％)=存储(10％)

Understand storage classes, persistent volumes Storage Classes, Persistent Volumes, Persistent Volume Claims

了解存储类，持久卷存储类，持久卷，持久卷声明

Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies for volumes Volume Modes, Access Modes, Update Reclaim Policy

了解卷的卷模式，访问模式和回收策略卷模式，访问模式，更新回收策略

Understand persistent volume claims primitive

了解持久卷声明原语

Know how to configure applications with persistent storage Storage, Persistent Volumes

知道如何使用持久性存储Storage ， Persistent Volumes配置应用程序

cka 题库

我对CKA和CKAD的看法+ 9月课程更新提示 (My Take towards CKA & CKAD + September Curriculum Update Tips)

训练 (Training)

有你的Kubernetes集群 (Have your Kubernetes Cluster)

集群实践 (Practice on the cluster)

考试 (The Exam)

考试期间 (During The Exam)

CKA (CKA)

凯达 (CKAD)

9月的课程大纲更新 (September syllabus Update)

相关课程和回购 (Relevant courses and Repos)