MyCat专题(八)-MyCat全局序列之数据库方式

    科技2026-04-06  11

    1.引言

    读写分离:顾名思义,就是将插入、更新、删除等事务性的操作分发到主数据库master上,而将读请求分发到从数据库slave上,利用mysql主从同步,从数据库服务器将同步更新本机数据,这样就保证了两个数据库中数据一致性。

    读写分离有几种实现方式,可以在应用层配置多个数据源,根据业务需求访问不同的数据,指定对应的策略,也可以使用动态切换数据源方式实现,也可以借助数据库中间件的方式实现,mycat就是基于中间件实现。

    2.原理图

    在应用层和数据库集群之间添加一个代理服务,应用层访问代理,代理根据请求类型(读/写)自动分流到不同的数据库服务器。 下面通过一个完整的示例,说明mycat如何实现读写分离。

    3.读写分离实现

    本示例需要利用mysql主从复制,需要提前搭建主从同步环境,可以参考上一篇博客https://blog.csdn.net/BruceLiu_code/article/details/104694515,提先搭建好主从复制。

    3.1.读写分离实现

    在主服务器上执行以下SQL:

    create database septwriteread; use septwriteread; create table user(id int not null,name varchar(20)); create database septwriteread02; use septwriteread02; create table user(id int not null,name varchar(20)); 1234567

    同时,从库也同步过来了主库创建的数据库和表:

    3.2.配置server.xml

    <user name="root" defaultAccount="true"> <property name="password">root</property> <property name="schemas">TESTDB</property> <!-- 表级 DML 权限设置 --> <!-- <privileges check="false"> <schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" > <table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table> <table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table> </schema> </privileges> --> </user> <user name="user"> <property name="password">user</property> <property name="schemas">TESTDB</property> <property name="readOnly">true</property> </user> 1234567891011121314151617181920

    3.3.schema.xml配置分片节点、分片表等

    <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100"> <table name="user" primaryKey="id" rule="mod-long" dataNode="dn1,dn2" /> </schema> <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database="septwriteread" /> <dataNode name="dn2" dataHost="localhost1" database="septwriteread02" /> <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="3" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <!-- can have multi write hosts --> <!-- 主数据库130 --> <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root" password="123"> <!-- 从数据库131 --> <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema> 123456789101112131415161718192021222324

    3.4.配置rule.xml

    <function name="mod-long" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod"> <!-- how many data nodes --> <property name="count">2</property> </function> <tableRule name="mod-long"> <rule> <columns>id</columns> <algorithm>mod-long</algorithm> </rule> </tableRule> 1234567891011

    在rule.xml修改配置文件

    3.5.测试插入数据

    在MyCat服务器192.168.70.129上面执行下面测试语句:

    insert into user(id,name) values(1111111,database()); insert into user(id,name) values(2222222,database()); insert into user(id,name) values(3333333,database()); insert into user(id,name) values(4444444,database()); 1234

    重启mycat:

    [root@centos1 bin]# ./mycat start Starting Mycat-server... [root@centos1 bin]# jps 16345 WrapperSimpleApp 16366 Jps 12345

    登录mycat:

    3.6.测试分析查询数据

    select * from user; 1

    下面分几种情况分析当balance取不同值,请求分发的情况如下:

    修改log4j2.xml查看mycat.log debug日志级别

    <Loggers> <!--<AsyncLogger name="io.mycat" level="info" includeLocation="true" additivity="false">--> <!--<AppenderRef ref="Console"/>--> <!--<AppenderRef ref="RollingFile"/>--> <!--</AsyncLogger>--> <asyncRoot level="debug" includeLocation="true"> <!--<AppenderRef ref="Console" />--> <AppenderRef ref="RollingFile"/> </asyncRoot> </Loggers> 123456789101112

    【a】当balance=“3”,开启负载均衡,请求分发到writeHost对应的readHost。查看mycat.log debug日志,走从服务器192.168.70.130的hostS1节点。

    2019-12-26 13:12:31.679 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostS1 for dataHost:localhost1 2019-12-26 13:12:31.679 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=11, lastTime=1577337151679, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=true, threadId=21, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS WHERE Db='TESTDB'}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS WHERE Db='TESTDB'}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.130, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false] 12

    【b】当balance=“0”,表示不开启负载均衡,查看mycat.log debug日志,走主服务器192.168.70.128,可见所有读操作都发送到writeHost中。

    修改schema.xml中balance负载均衡的值:

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="0" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <!-- can have multi write hosts --> <!-- 主数据库130 --> <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root" password="123"> <!-- 从数据库131 --> <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> 1234567891011

    然后重启mycat,在主库执行查询语句 select * from user;查看日志:

    2019-12-26 13:15:48.866 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostM1 for dataHost:localhost1 2019-12-26 13:15:48.866 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=8, lastTime=1577337348866, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=false, threadId=39, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.128, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false] 12

    【c】当balance=“2”,表示请求随机分发到writeHost或者readhost。查看mycat.log debug日志,走192.168.8.128或者192.168.8.130,所有读操作都随机发送到writeHost或者readHost中。

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="2" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <!-- can have multi write hosts --> <!-- 主数据库130 --> <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.70.128:3306" user="root" password="123"> <!-- 从数据库131 --> <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.70.130:3306" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> 1234567891011

    然后重启mycat,在主库执行查询语句 select * from user;查看日志:

    2019-12-26 13:19:48.138 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostM1 for dataHost:localhost1 2019-12-26 13:19:48.138 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:463)) - con need syn ,total syn cmd 1 commands SET names utf8mb4;schema change:false con:MySQLConnection [id=1, lastTime=1577337588138, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=false, threadId=51, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 100}, respHandler=io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.handler.MultiNodeQueryHandler@713db746, host=192.168.70.128, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false] 1234 2019-12-26 13:21:30.387 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.datasource.PhysicalDBPool.getRWBanlanceCon(PhysicalDBPool.java:551)) - select read source hostS1 for dataHost:localhost1 2019-12-26 13:21:30.387 DEBUG [$_NIOREACTOR-0-RW] (io.mycat.backend.mysql.nio.MySQLConnection.synAndDoExecute(MySQLConnection.java:436)) - not need syn connection : MySQLConnection [id=13, lastTime=1577337690387, user=root, schema=septwriteread, old shema=septwriteread, borrowed=true, fromSlaveDB=true, threadId=27, charset=utf8, txIsolation=3, autocommit=true, attachment=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, respHandler=SingleNodeHandler [node=dn1{SHOW STATUS}, packetId=0], host=192.168.70.130, port=3306, statusSync=null, writeQueue=0, modifiedSQLExecuted=false] 123

    【d】当balance=1时,开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前writeHost对应的readHost和备用的writeHost上,通过日志分析所有读操作都发送到hostS1或者hostM2【让全部的readHost及备用的writeHost参与select的负载均衡。 】

    <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="2" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <!-- can have multi write hosts --> <!-- 主数据库130 --> <writeHost host="hostM1" url="192.168.8.128:3306" user="root" password="123"> <!-- 从数据库131 --> <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.8.130:3306" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <!-- stand by writehost --> <writeHost host="hostM2" url="192.168.8.130:3306" user="root" password="123"> </writeHost> </dataHost> 12345678910111213141516

    4.总结

    下面补充一下dataHost节点中比较重要的三个属性以及各自值的含义,具体如下。

    balance指的负载均衡类型,目前的取值有4种:

    1. balance=”0”, 不开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前可用的writeHost上; 2. balance=”1”,全部的readHost与stand bywriteHost参与select语句的负载均衡,简单的说,当双主双从模式(M1->S1,M2->S2,并且M1与 M2互为主备),正常情况下,M2,S1,S2都参与select语句的负载均衡; 3. balance=”2”,所有读操作都随机的在writeHost、readhost上分发; 4. balance=”3”,所有读请求随机的分发到wiriterHost对应的readhost执行,writerHost不负担读压力; 1234

    注意:balance=3只在1.4及其以后版本有,1.3没有;

    writeType属性:

    1.writeType=”0”,所有写操作发送到配置的第一个writeHost,第一个挂了切到还生存的第二个writeHost,重新启动后以切换后的为准,切换记录在配置文件中:dnindex.properties; 2.writeType=”1”,所有写操作都随机地发送到配置的writeHost,1.5以后废弃不推荐; 12

    switchType指的是切换的模式,目前的取值也有4种:

    1. switchType=’-1’ 表示不自动切换; 2. switchType=’1’ 默认值,表示自动切换; 3. switchType=’2’ 基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换,心跳语句为 show slave status; 4. switchType=’3’基于MySQLgalary cluster的切换机制(适合集群)(1.4.1),心跳语句为 show status like ‘wsrep%’;
    Processed: 0.018, SQL: 12