因为人的心 会变得越来越硬
We take it for granted that we’re supposed to act ethically and, usually, that seems pretty simple. Don’t lie, cheat or steal, don’t hurt anybody on purpose and act with good intentions. In some professions, like law or medicine, the issues are somewhat more complex and practitioners are trained to make good decisions.
我们认为我们应该遵守道德规范是理所当然的，通常，这看起来很简单。 不要撒谎，作弊或偷窃，不要故意伤害任何人并且要善意地采取行动。 在某些专业中，例如法律或医学，问题要复杂一些，并且从业人员也受过训练才能做出正确的决定。
Yet ethics in the more classical sense isn’t so much about doing what you know is right, but thinking seriously about what the right thing is. Unlike the classic “ten commandments” type of morality, there are many situations that arise in which determining the right action to take is far from obvious.
然而，从更经典的意义上讲，道德不是要做正确的事情，而是认真思考什么是正确的事情。 与经典的“十诫”式道德不同，在许多情况下，确定采取正确的行动远非显而易见。
Today, as our technology becomes vastly more powerful and complex, ethical issues are increasingly rising to the fore. Over the next decade we will have to build some consensus on issues like what accountability a machine should have and to what extent we should alter the nature of life. The answers are far from clear-cut, but we desperately need to find them.
如今，随着我们的技术变得越来越强大，越来越复杂，道德问题也越来越受到关注。 在接下来的十年中，我们将必须就一些问题达成共识，例如机器应该承担什么责任以及我们应该在多大程度上改变生活的本质。 答案远非一帆风顺，但我们迫切需要找到答案。
For decades intellectuals have pondered an ethical dilemma known as the trolley problem. Imagine you see a trolley barreling down the tracks that is about to run over five people. The only way to save them is to pull a lever to switch the trolley to a different set of tracks, but if you do that, one person standing there will be killed. What should you do?
几十年来，知识分子一直在思考一种被称为台车问题的道德困境。 想象一下，您看到一辆手推车从铁轨上滚下来，快要超过5个人。 保存它们的唯一方法是拉动杠杆，将手推车切换到另一组轨道，但是如果这样做，一个站在那里的人将被杀死。 你该怎么办？
For the most part, the trolley problem has been a subject for freshman philosophy classes and avant garde cocktail parties, without any real bearing on actual decisions. However, with the rise of technologies like self-driving cars, decisions such as whether to protect the life of a passenger or a pedestrian will need to be explicitly encoded into the systems we create.
在大多数情况下，手推车问题一直是新生哲学课程和前卫鸡尾酒会的主题，而对实际决策没有任何实际影响。 但是，随着无人驾驶汽车等技术的兴起，诸如保护乘客或行人生命之类的决策将需要明确地编码到我们创建的系统中。
That’s just the start. It’s become increasingly clear that data bias can vastly distort decisions about everything from whether we are admitted to a school, get a job or even go to jail. Still, we’ve yet to achieve any real clarity about who should be held accountable for decisions an algorithm makes.
这仅仅是开始。 越来越明显的是，数据偏见会极大地扭曲从我们入学，找到工作甚至入狱等所有方面的决策。 尽管如此，我们还没有真正弄清谁应该对算法决策负责。
As we move forward, we need to give serious thought to the responsibility of agency. Who’s responsible for the decisions a machine makes? What should guide those decisions? What recourse should those affected by a machine’s decision have? These are no longer theoretical debates, but practical problems that need to be solved.
在前进的过程中，我们需要认真考虑代理的责任。 谁负责机器的决策？ 这些决定应以什么为指导？ 那些受机器决策影响的人应该有什么追索权？ 这些不再是理论上的争论，而是需要解决的实际问题。
“Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds,” said J. Robert Oppenheimer, quoting the Bhagavad Gita. upon witnessing the world’s first nuclear explosion as it shook the plains of New Mexico. It was clear that we had crossed a Rubicon. There was no turning back and Oppenheimer, as the leader of the project, felt an enormous sense of responsibility.
约翰·罗伯特·奥本海默( J. Robert Oppenheimer )引用《博伽梵歌》( Bhagavad Gita)说道：“现在我成为死亡，世界的毁灭者。” 目睹了世界第一次核爆炸，震惊了新墨西哥州的平原。 很明显，我们已经越过了Rubicon。 没有回头路可走，作为项目负责人的奥本海默感到非常负责。
Yet the specter of nuclear Armageddon was only part of the story. In the decades that followed, nuclear medicine saved thousands, if not millions of lives. Mildly radioactive isotopes, which allow us to track molecules as they travel through a biological system, have also been a boon for medical research.
然而，核大决战的幽灵只是故事的一部分。 在随后的几十年中，核医学挽救了数千甚至数百万人的生命。 轻度放射性同位素，使我们能够追踪分子在生物系统中的传播，也使医学研究受益匪浅。
The truth is that every significant advancement has the potential for both harm and good. Consider CRISPR, the gene editing technology that vastly accelerates our ability to alter DNA. It has the potential to cure terrible diseases such as cancer and Multiple Sclerosis, but also raises troubling issues such as biohacking and designer babies.
事实是，每一项重大进步都可能带来伤害和好处。 考虑一下CRISPR ，它是一种基因编辑技术，可以极大地提高我们改变DNA的能力。 它有可能治愈诸如癌症和多发性硬化症之类的可怕疾病，但同时也引发了令人困扰的问题，例如生物黑客和婴儿婴儿。
In the case of nuclear technology many scientists, including Oppenheimer, became activists. They actively engaged with the wider public, including politicians, intellectuals and the media to raise awareness about the very real dangers of nuclear technology and work towards practical solutions.
就核技术而言，包括奥本海默在内的许多科学家都成为了激进主义者。 他们与包括政客，知识分子和媒体在内的广大公众积极互动，以提高对核技术真正危险的认识，并努力寻求切实可行的解决方案。
Today, we need similar engagement between people who create technology and the public square to explore the implications of technologies like AI and CRISPR, but it has scarcely begun. That’s a real problem.
今天，我们需要技术创造者与公共广场之间类似的参与，以探索诸如AI和CRISPR之类的技术的含义，但是这几乎还没有开始。 那是一个真正的问题。
It’s easy to paint pictures of technology going haywire. However, when you take a closer look, the problem isn’t so much with technological advancement, but ourselves. For example, the recent scandals involving Facebook were not about issues inherent to social media websites, but had more to do with an appalling breach of trust and lack of transparency. The company has paid dearly for it and those costs will most likely continue to pile up.
轻松绘制技术杂草的图片很容易。 但是，当您仔细观察时，问题不仅仅在于技术进步，而在于我们自己。 例如，最近涉及Facebook的丑闻与社交媒体网站固有的问题无关，而更多与令人震惊的信任破坏和缺乏透明度有关。 该公司为此付出了高昂的代价，这些费用很可能会继续增加。
It doesn’t have to be that way. Consider the case of Paul Berg, a pioneer in the creation of recombinant DNA, for which he won the Nobel Prize. Unlike Zuckerberg, he recognized the gravity of the Pandora’s box he had opened and convened the Asilomar Conference to discuss the dangers, which resulted in the Berg Letter that called for a moratorium on the riskiest experiments until the implications were better understood.
不一定要那样。 考虑一下重组DNA创造的先驱Paul Berg的案例，他因此获得了诺贝尔奖。 与扎克伯格不同，他认识到自己打开的潘多拉魔盒的严重性，并召集了阿西洛玛会议来讨论危险，这导致了《伯格信》呼吁暂停最危险的实验，直到人们更好地理解其含义。
In her book, A Crack in Creation, Jennifer Doudna, who made the pivotal discovery for CRISPR gene editing, points out that a key aspect of the Asilomar conference was that it included not only scientists, but also lawyers, government officials and media. It was the dialogue between a diverse set of stakeholders, and the sense of transparency it produced, that helped the field advance.
詹妮弗·杜德纳(Jennifer Doudna)在她的著作《创造的裂缝》( A Crack in Creation)中指出了CRISPR基因编辑的关键发现，她指出，Asilomar会议的一个关键方面是它不仅包括科学家，而且还包括律师，政府官员和媒体。 正是各方面利益相关者之间的对话及其所产生的透明感，才推动了这一领域的发展。
The philosopher Martin Heidegger argued that technological advancement is a process of revealing and building. We can’t control what we reveal through exploration and discovery, but we can — and should — be wise about what we build. If you just “move fast and break things,” don’t be surprised if you break something important.
哲学家马丁•海德格尔(Martin Heidegger)认为技术进步是一个揭示和建构的过程。 我们无法控制通过探索和发现所揭示的内容，但是我们可以并且应该明智地构建自己的内容。 如果您只是“快速行动并打破事物”，则打破重要事物也不要感到惊讶。
In Homo Deus, Yuval Noah Harari writes that the best reason to learn history is “not in order to predict, but to free yourself of the past and imagine alternative destinies.” As we have already seen, when we rush into technologies like nuclear power, we create problems like Chernobyl and Fukushima and reduce technology’s potential.
Yuval Noah Harari在Homo Deus中写道，学习历史的最好理由是“不是为了预测，而是要摆脱过去并想象其他命运”。 正如我们已经看到的那样，当我们急于开发核电等技术时，就会造成切尔诺贝利和福岛等问题，并降低技术的潜力。
The issues we will have to grasp over the next few decades will be far more complex and consequential than anything we have faced before. Nuclear technology, while horrifying in its potential for destruction, requires a tremendous amount of scientific expertise to produce it. Even today, it remains confined to governments and large institutions.
在接下来的几十年里，我们将要面对的问题将比我们以往所面临的任何事情都更加复杂和严重。 核技术虽然令人震惊，但销毁它的潜力却很庞大，需要大量的科学专门知识才能生产。 即使在今天，它仍然仅限于政府和大型机构。
New technologies, such as artificial intelligence and gene editing are far more accessible. Anybody with a modicum of expertise can go online and download powerful algorithms for free. High school kids can order CRISPR kits for a few hundred dollars and modify genes. We need to employ far better judgment than organizations like Facebook and Google have shown in the recent past.
诸如人工智能和基因编辑等新技术更容易获得。 任何有专门知识的人都可以上网免费下载强大的算法。 高中生可以花几百美元订购CRISPR试剂盒并修饰基因。 我们需要采用比Facebook和Google等组织最近表现出的更好的判断力。
Some seem to grasp this. Most of the major tech companies have joined with the ACLU, UNICEF and other stakeholders to form the Partnership On AI to create a forum that can develop sensible standards for artificial intelligence. Salesforce recently hired a Chief Ethical and Human Use Officer. Jennifer Doudna has begun a similar process for CRISPR at the Innovative Genomics Institute.
有些人似乎掌握了这一点。 大多数主要的科技公司都与ACLU，联合国儿童基金会和其他利益相关者一起组成了AI伙伴关系，以创建一个可以制定合理的人工智能标准的论坛。 Salesforce最近聘请了首席道德和人类使用官。 詹妮弗·杜德纳(Jennifer Doudna)已在创新基因组学研究所开始了CRISPR的类似流程。
These are important developments, but they are little more than first steps. We need a more public dialogue about the technologies we are building to achieve some kind of consensus of what the risks are and what we as a society are willing to accept. If not, the consequences, financial and otherwise, may be catastrophic.
这些是重要的发展，但仅是第一步。 我们需要就我们正在构建的技术达成更多的公开对话，以就风险是什么以及我们社会愿意接受什么达成某种共识。 如果不是这样，后果，无论是经济上还是其他方面，都可能是灾难性的。
Greg Satell is an international keynote speaker, adviser and bestselling author of Cascades: How to Create a Movement that Drives Transformational Change. His previous effort, Mapping Innovation, was selected as one of the best business books of 2017. You can learn more about Greg on his website, GregSatell.com and follow him on Twitter @DigitalTonto
格雷格·萨特尔( Greg Satell)是Cascades：如何创建推动变革的运动的国际主题演讲者，顾问和畅销书。 他的前作Mapping Innovation被选为2017年最佳商业书籍之一。您可以在他的网站GregSatell.com上了解有关Greg的更多信息，并在Twitter @DigitalTonto上关注他。
翻译自: https://medium.com/@digitaltonto/as-our-technology-becomes-infinitely-more-powerful-we-are-entering-a-new-ethical-universe-47855921d45d
因为人的心 会变得越来越硬
